Multiples Accumulators Explained
Multiple choice or objective response is a form of an objective assessment in which respondents are asked to select only correct answers from the choices offered as a list. [1] The multiple choice format is most frequently used in educational testing, in market research, and in elections, when a person chooses between multiple candidates, parties, or policies.
Multiples Accumulators Explained Numbers
Multiples Accumulators Explained 2
Multiples Accumulators Explained Meaning
Multiples Accumulators Explained Chart
Multiples Accumulators Explained 3
Parlays, also sometimes referred to as accumulators or multiples, are a sports bet type that is designed to give you the chance to win big payouts from a proportionally much smaller investment. Accumulator Bet Explained in 2021. Accumulator bet is a type of wager which combines several selections at once. If you ever placed a wager at a sportsbook, it is very likely an accumulator bet. It's one of the most represented types of sports betting due to the numerous possibilities that it provides.
Although E. L. Thorndike developed an early scientific approach to testing students, it was his assistant Benjamin D. Wood who developed the multiple choice test. Multiple choice testing increased in popularity in the mid-20th century when scanners and) answer and one or more incorrect ('distractor') answers. The stem is the beginning part of the item that presents the item as a problem to be solved, a question asked of the respondent, or an incomplete statement to be completed, as well as any other relevant information. The options are the possible answers that the examinee can choose from, with the correct answer called the key and the incorrect answers called distractors . [3] Only one answer can be keyed as correct. This contrasts with multiple response items in which more than one answer may be keyed as correct.
Usually, a correct answer earns a set number of points toward the total mark, and an incorrect answer earns nothing. However, tests may also award partial credit for unanswered questions or penalize students for incorrect answers, to discourage guessing. For example, the SAT Subject tests remove a quarter point from the test taker's score for an incorrect answer.
For advanced items, such as an applied knowledge item, the stem can consist of multiple parts. The stem can include extended or ancillary material such as a vignette, a case study, a graph, a table, or a detailed description which has multiple elements to it. Anything may be included as long as it is necessary to ensure the utmost validity and authenticity to the item. The stem ends with a lead-in question explaining how the respondent must answer. In a medical multiple choice items, a lead-in question may ask 'What is the most likely diagnosis?' or 'What pathogen is the most likely cause?' in reference to a case study that was previously presented.
The items of a multiple choice test are often colloquially referred to as 'questions,' but this is a misnomer because many items are not phrased as questions. For example, they can be presented as incomplete statements, analogies, or mathematical equations. Thus, the more general term 'item' is a more appropriate label. Items are stored in an item bank. Examples
Ideally, the multiple choice question (MCQ) should be asked as a 'stem', with plausible options, for example:
If and Multiples Accumulators Explained Numbers
b =2 , what is ?
12
3
4
10
In the equation
2 x +3=4 , solve for x .
4
10
0.5
1.5
8
The city known as the 'IT capital' of India is
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mexico
Hyderabad
The correct answers are B, C and A respectively.
A well written multiple-choice question avoids obviously wrong or silly distractors (such as Mexico in the example above), so that the question makes sense when read with each of the distractors as well as with the correct answer.
A more difficult and well-written multiple choice question is as follows:
Consider the following:
An eight-by-eight chessboard.
An eight-by-eight chessboard with two opposite corners removed.
An eight-by-eight chessboard with all four corners removed. Which of these can be tiled by two-by-one dominoes (with no overlaps or gaps, and every domino contained within the board)?
I only
II only
I and II only
I and III only
I, II, and III Another example of Multiple choice questions (MCQs):
In MS Word new paragraph can be started by pressing: [4]
A. Ctrl+Enter
B. Backspace Key Can you make money betting on football .
C. Insert Key
D. Enter Key Multiples Accumulators Explained 2
The right option is D. Advantages
There are several advantages to multiple choice tests. If item writers are well trained and items are quality assured, it can be a very effective assessment technique. [5] If students are instructed on the way in which the item format works and myths surrounding the tests are corrected, they will perform better on the test. [6] On many assessments, reliability has been shown to improve with larger numbers of items on a test, and with good sampling and care over case specificity, overall test reliability can be further increased. [7]
Multiple choice tests often require less time to administer for a given amount of material than would tests requiring written responses.
Multiple choice questions lend themselves to the development of objective assessment items, but without author training, questions can be subjective in nature. Because this style of test does not require a teacher to interpret answers, test-takers are graded purely on their selections, creating a lower likelihood of teacher bias in the results. [8] Factors irrelevant to the assessed material (such as handwriting and clarity of presentation) do not come into play in a multiple-choice assessment, and so the candidate is graded purely on their knowledge of the topic. Finally, if test-takers are aware of how to use answer sheets or online examination tick boxes, their responses can be relied upon with clarity. Overall, multiple choice tests are the strongest predictors of overall student performance compared with other forms of evaluations, such as in-class participation, case exams, written assignments, and simulation games. [9] Disadvantages
The most serious disadvantage is the limited types of knowledge that can be assessed by multiple choice tests. Multiple choice tests are best adapted for testing well-defined or lower-order skills. Problem-solving and higher-order reasoning skills are better assessed through short-answer and essay tests. However, multiple choice tests are often chosen, not because of the type of knowledge being assessed, but because they are more affordable for testing a large number of students. This is especially true in the United States and India, where multiple choice tests are the preferred form of high-stakes testing and the sample size of test-takers is large respectively.
Another disadvantage of multiple choice tests is possible ambiguity in the examinee's interpretation of the item. Failing to interpret information as the test maker intended can result in an 'incorrect' response, even if the taker's response is potentially valid. The term 'multiple guess' has been used to describe this scenario because test-takers may attempt to guess rather than determine the correct answer. A free response test allows the test taker to make an argument for their viewpoint and potentially receive credit.
In addition, even if students have some knowledge of a question, they receive no credit for knowing that information if they select the wrong answer and the item is scored dichotomously. However, free response questions may allow an examinee to demonstrate partial understanding of the subject and receive partial credit. Additionally if more questions on a particular subject area or topic are asked to create a larger sample then statistically their level of knowledge for that topic will be reflected more accurately in the number of correct answers and final results.
Another disadvantage of multiple choice examinations is that a student who is incapable of answering a particular question can simply select a random answer and still have a chance of receiving a mark for it. If randomly guessing an answer, there is usually a 25 percent chance of getting it correct on a four-answer choice question. Betus sports. It is common practice for students with no time left to give all remaining questions random answers in the hope that they will get at least some of them right. Many exams, such as the Australian Mathematics Competition and the SAT, have systems in place to negate this, in this case by making it no more beneficial to choose a random answer than to give none.
Another system of negating the effects of random selection is formula scoring, in which a score is proportionally reduced based on the number of incorrect responses and the number of possible choices. In this method, the score is reduced by the number of wrong answers divided by the average number of possible answers for all questions in the test, w /( c 1) where w is the number of wrong responses on the test and c is the average number of possible choices for all questions on the test . [10] All exams scored with the three-parameter model of item response theory also account for guessing. This is usually not a great issue, moreover, since the odds of a student receiving significant marks by guessing are very low when four or more selections are available.
Additionally, it is important to note that questions phrased ambiguously may confuse test-takers. It is generally accepted that multiple choice questions allow for only one answer, where the one answer may encapsulate a collection of previous options. However, some test creators are unaware of this and might expect the student to select multiple answers without being given explicit permission, or providing the trailing encapsulation options.
Critics like philosopher and education proponent Jacques Derrida, said that while the demand for dispensing and checking basic knowledge is valid, there are other means to respond to this need than resorting to crib sheets. [11]
Despite all the shortcomings, the format remains popular because MCQs are easy to create, score and analyse. [12] Changing answers
The theory that students should trust their first instinct and stay with their initial answer on a multiple choice test is a myth worth dispelling. Researchers have found that although some people believe that changing answers is bad, it generally results in a higher test score. The data across twenty separate studies indicate that the percentage of 'right to wrong' changes is 20.2, whereas the percentage of 'wrong to right' changes is 57.8, nearly triple. [13] Changing from 'right to wrong' may be more painful and memorable (Von Restorff effect), but it is probably a good idea to change an answer after additional reflection indicates that a better choice could be made. In fact, a person's initial attraction to a particular answer choice could well derive from the surface plausibility that the test writer has intentionally built into a distractor (or incorrect answer choice). Test item writers are instructed to make their distractors plausible yet clearly incorrect. A test taker's first-instinct attraction to a distractor is thus often a reaction that probably should be revised in light of a careful consideration of each of the answer choices. Some test takers for some examination subjects might have accurate first instincts about a particular test item, but that does not mean that all test takers should trust their first instinct. Automation
Finding the right answer from multiple choices can be automated using multiple choice question answering systems. [14] Notable multiple-choice examinations
AIEEE in India
ARRT registry test for student radiologic technologists
F = ma
IB Diploma Programme science subject exams
IIT-JEE in India, which had, until 2006, a high-stakes phase after the initial MCQ based screening phase
Multistate Bar Examination
PLAB for non-EEA medical graduates to practise in the UK
NTSE
NEET in india
NET CSIR See also Sources
Book: Emmis Communications. harv. The Alcalde. May 1973. Emmis Communications. 1535-993X. Notes and References
Web site: Definition of MULTIPLE-CHOICE. www.merriam-webster.com.
http://ctfd.sfsu.edu/teaching-practices/origins-and-purposes-of-multiple-choice-tests Origins and Purposes of Multiple Choice Tests
Kehoe, Jerard (1995). Writing multiple-choice test items Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation , 4 (9). Retrieved February 12, 2008.
Web site: Top 50 MS Office MCQ Most Repeated Microsoft Office MCQs in Exams. 2019-12-26. testfellow. en-US. 2020-04-09.
http://www.nbme.org/publications/item-writing-manual-download.html Item Writing Manual
Beckert, L., Wilkinson, T. J., Sainsbury, R. (2003). A needs-based study and examination skills course improves students' performance Medical Education 37 (5), 424428.
Steven M Downing (2004) Reliability: on the reproducibility of assessment data Medical Education 38 (9), 10061012.
News: DePalma. Anthony. Revisions Adopted in College Entrance Tests. 22 August 2012. New York Times. 1 November 1990.
Bontis, N., Hardie, T., Serenko, A. (2009). Techniques for assessing skills and knowledge in a business strategy classroom International Journal of Teaching and Case Studies, 2, 2, 162-180.
Web site: Archived copy . 2011-05-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721041317/http://www.ncme.org/pubs/items/ITEMS_Mod_4.pdf . 2011-07-21 .
[Jacques Derrida]
Web site: Multiple-Choice Tests: Revisiting the Pros and Cons. 2018-02-21. Faculty Focus Higher Ed Teaching Learning. en-US. 2019-03-22.
Benjamin, L. T., Cavell, T. A., Shallenberger, W. R. (1984). Staying with the initial answers on objective tests: Is it a myth? Teaching of Psychology , 11 , 133-141.
'Versatile question answering systems: seeing in synthesis', Mittal et al., IJIIDS, 5(2), 119-142, 2011.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article 'Multiple choice'.
Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2020, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy. Do you enjoy betting, but are looking for bigger thrills and greater payouts? You may want to give accumulator bets a try. An accumulator bet allows you to multibet over a wide range of sports, games and contests, and once youve mastered the ropes, youll find it an exciting and rewarding experience. Multiples Accumulators Explained Meaning Weve put together all you need to know about placing accumulator bets below. How to Place an Accumulator: Best Acca Offers In March 2021 Multiples Accumulators Explained Chart Bookmaker Promotion Offered Claim the offer
bet365 Open Account Offer '' Up to 100 in Bet Credits for new customers at bet365.Min deposit 5. Bet Credits available for use upon settlement of bets to value of qualifying deposit. Min odds, bet and payment method exclusions apply. Returns exclude Bet Credits stake. Time limits and TCs apply. The bonus code can be used during registration, but does not change the offer amount in any way. Betfred Bet 10 Get 30 in Free Bets + 60 Free Spins ','operator':'betfred-sportsbetting'' New UK NI customers only. promo code SPORTS60. Deposit place first sports bet of 10+ in one bet transaction, at odds of Evens (2.0) +. settled within 60 days. First bet must be on Sports. 30 in Free Bets credited within 48 hours of bet settlement, 7-day expiry. Payment restrictions apply. SMS validation may be required. Max 60 Free Spins on Justice League Comics. 7-day expiry.Full TCs apply.
Ladbrokes BET 5 GET 20 IN FREE BETS ','operator':'ladbrokes-sports-betting'' 18+ New UK+IRE customers only. Paypal and certain deposit types and bet types excluded. Min 5 bet within 14 days of account reg at min odds1/2=4x5 free bets. Free bets valid for 7 days on sports stake not returned, restrictions apply. TC apply, begambleaware.org.
William Hill Bet 10 Get 30 in free bets, Credited as 2 x 15 bets ','operator':'william-hill-sports-betting'' 8+. Play safe. New customers using Promo code H30 only, Min 10/10 stake, min odds 1/2, free bets paid as 2 x 15/15, free bets credited after settlement of first qualifying bet, free bets will expire 30 days after the qualifying bet is placed, payment method/player/country restrictions apply.
Betfair GET UP TO 100 IN FREE BETS ','operator':'betfair-sports-betting-2'' New customer offer. Place 5 x 10 or more bets to receive 20 in free bets. Repeat up to 5 times to receive maximum 100 bonus. Min odds 1/2 (1.5). Exchange bets excluded. TCs apply Coral GET 20 IN FREE BETS WHEN YOU BET 5 ','operator':'coral-sports-betting'' 18+ Eligible UK+IRE players. Paypal some deposit bet types excl. Min first 5 bet within 14 days of account reg at min odds 1/2 = 4x 5 free bets. Free bets valid for 7 days, stake not returned. No cash-out, restrictions TCs apply Paddy Power 20 RISK FREE BET ','operator':'paddy-power-sports-betting'' New customers only. Place your FIRST bet on any sportsbook market and if it loses we will refund your stake in CASH. Max refund for this offer is 20. Only deposits made using Cards or Apple Pay will qualify for this promotion. TCs apply. Paddy's Rewards Club: Get a 10 free bet when you place 5x bets of 10+. TCs apply. What Are Accumulator Bets? Multiples Accumulators Explained 3 Also known as accas or multiples, accumulator bets combine several betting selections into a single wager. This could be as little as 2 or 3 selections and there is no upper limit; you can bet on 10, 20 or even 30 selections if you wish. However, bear in mind that an accumulator bet only wins when all individual selections win. Because of this, the potential payouts can be considerably higher than with a regular bet. The more selections you add, the higher the odds will be, and as such, small bets of a few pounds can lead to significant sums of money being won! There have even been astonishing examples of people winning six or seven-figure sums from a bet of 1 or less. Thats right; your loose change could make you a millionaire with an accumulator bet! Different Varieties of Accumulator Bets Heres a guide to help you understand the correct betting terminology for different types of accumulator bets, based on the number of selections. Number of selections Bet type 2 Double 3 Treble 4 Four-fold 5 Five-fold 6 Six-fold 7 Seven-fold 8 Eight-fold You get the picture, a 10-selection accumulator is known as a ten-fold, one with 15 selections is a fifteen-fold, and so forth. How to Place an Accumulator Bet Creating an accumulator is simple; you simply need to add selections to your betting slip one by one. Its common to place a football accumulator made up of matches taking place over a weekend or midweek round of games. To do that, locate the football section of your betting site and find the relevant league or competition. If betting in a retail shop, there are usually dedicated coupons available for accumulator betting. Football Match Result Accas Most people fill their football accumulators with selections from the match result betting market, although that is not the only type of bet that can be used. There are three possible outcomes in the football match result market:
Home win
Draw
Away win For each match you wish to include in the accumulator, select your predicted outcome and add it to the betslip by clicking on the displayed odds. Heres an example of what the Premier League betting coupon looked like on the last weekend of the 2016/2017 season, with our six selections in blue. Once youve added all the results you want to, its time to look at the betslip to get your acca on. You see the bets listed as singles at the top of the betslip, but you need to scroll down to find the acca options. This displays the different types of multiple bet available and their odds. As you can see, our selections have combined odds of 17.47/1, meaning a 10.00 stake returns 184.73 if the bet is successful. Once you have filled in the stake, corresponding to the amount you wish to bet, click to place bet and confirm if necessary (some betting sites only require one click). Then its a case of sitting back and following the results as the action takes place on the pitch. Although, if youre waiting on just one final result to come in for your bet to win, you most likely wont be sitting back, rather on the edge of your seat! Other Types of Acca Football match result markets are not the only kind of bet you can make into an acca. You could use other football markets such as Over/under 2.5 goals or Both Teams to Score. Just be aware that some bets cant be combined into accas as the outcomes are dependent to some extent on each other. For example Both Teams to Score and Over 1.5 goals could not be combined into a double as, if both teams score, there will automatically have been over 1.5 goals in the match. If footballs not your favourite sport to bet on, you can alternatively place an acca on just about any sport. The most popular other sports for accas include tennis, rugby and American sports. Here are a couple of betslips with alternative accas. The steps to follow are exactly the same: find your betting coupon, pick your selections, add your stake to the betslip and confirm the bet. Calculating Your Accumulator Bet Winnings The odds for accumulator bets are calculated by converting the fractional odds of each selection into decimals and then multiplying them together. This is not easy to do manually, especially with odds like 1/7 or 4/9 from our example above, which are not round numbers. Selection Match Selection Fractional odds Decimal odds Cumulative decimal odds 1 Chelsea vs Sunderland Chelsea 1/7 1.14 1.14 2 Liverpool vs Middlesbrough Liverpool 1/7 1.14 1.31 3 Leicester vs Bournemouth Leicester 4/5 1.8 2.35 4 Hull vs Tottenham Tottenham 6/10 1.6 3.76 5 Burnley vs West Ham Draw 12/5 3.4 12.79 6 Arsenal vs Everton Arsenal 4/9 1.44 18.47 The total accumulator odds are 17.47/1, or 18.47 in decimals. That means a 10 stake would return roughly 184.70, give or take a few pence. As you can see, having one selection with slightly longer odds, in this case the Burnley vs West Ham draw, makes a big difference to the total odds. A lot of people stick to odds-on selections with their accas, as they see them as a sure bet, but its swings and roundabouts really. The lower the odds of each selection, the more selections you need to have a decent return from your winning acca. The more selections you have, the easier it is for one to slip up and your bet to lose. Such is the dilemma of the accumulator punter! Remember, all selections need to win for an accumulator to be successful. Thats why its such an exciting type of bet and the rewards can be huge. On the other hand, its common for your return to be a big fat zero. Read on to find out about other types of multiple bet which offer a return more often than not. What Are System Bets? A system bet is made up of many different smaller bets, combining all the different kinds of multiple that can be made using the same betting selections. Lets go back to our example above, where we had six betting selections in our accumulator. Those selections can actually be combined into different kinds of multiple, in addition to the acca itself. For example, a double that could be created from our selections is Chelsea + Liverpool, while another double is Chelsea + Leicester. All in all, those 6 selections can be combined into 15 different doubles:
Chelsea/Liverpool
Chelsea/Leicester
Chelsea/Tottenham
Chelsea/Draw (Burnley v West Ham)
Chelsea/Arsenal
Liverpool/Leicester
Liverpool/Tottenham
Liverpool/Draw (Burnley v West Ham)
Liverpool/Arsenal
Leicester/Tottenham
Leicester/Draw (Burnley v West Ham)
Leicester/Arsenal
Tottenham/Draw (Burnley v West Ham)
Tottenham/Arsenal
Draw (Burnley v West Ham)/Arsenal There are also 20 different trebles, 15 different four-folds and 6 different five-folds which can be created from our selections. Why bother with all this?, you may be saying to yourself. Well, lets say you have 4 correct selections out of 6. A regular accumulator would get you a return of zilch, whereas at least with a system bet, you would have some winning doubles and trebles, as well as a winning four-fold. These wont be worth a huge amount on low-odds football selections, but if you have 4 winning horses out of 6, that could still be a very profitable outcome. Due to the popularity of system bets, different names are attributed according to the number of selections. Including singles is an optional extra, as a single is by nature not a multiple bet. N of selections Bet name n of bets Bet name n of bets (including singles) 3 Trixie 4 Patent 7 4 Yankee 11 Lucky 15 15 5 Canadian 26 Lucky 31 31 6 Heinz 57 Lucky 63 63 7 Super Heinz 120 N/A 8 Goliath 247 N/A For each of the system bets shown in the second column, you need a minimum of two winning selections to get a return from your bet. For the third column, a single winning selection will secure you a return, although it wont necessarily be a big return. Acca Promotions A lot of betting sites and shops offer a refund in the form of a free bet if your accumulator misses out by just one selection. Say you had 4 winners out of 5, or 6 winners out of 7; in either of those cases you would qualify. This kind of offer is known as Acca Insurance, as it provides a consolation prize for coming so close to a winning acca. Some sites offer a profit boost when you have a winning acca. This is usually expressed as a percentage, such as 5 for a treble and going up to 100 extra winnings for an acca with 14 or more selections.
Multiples Accumulators Explained Numbers
Multiples Accumulators Explained 2
Multiples Accumulators Explained Meaning
Multiples Accumulators Explained Chart
Multiples Accumulators Explained 3
Parlays, also sometimes referred to as accumulators or multiples, are a sports bet type that is designed to give you the chance to win big payouts from a proportionally much smaller investment. Accumulator Bet Explained in 2021. Accumulator bet is a type of wager which combines several selections at once. If you ever placed a wager at a sportsbook, it is very likely an accumulator bet. It's one of the most represented types of sports betting due to the numerous possibilities that it provides.
Although E. L. Thorndike developed an early scientific approach to testing students, it was his assistant Benjamin D. Wood who developed the multiple choice test. Multiple choice testing increased in popularity in the mid-20th century when scanners and) answer and one or more incorrect ('distractor') answers. The stem is the beginning part of the item that presents the item as a problem to be solved, a question asked of the respondent, or an incomplete statement to be completed, as well as any other relevant information. The options are the possible answers that the examinee can choose from, with the correct answer called the key and the incorrect answers called distractors . [3] Only one answer can be keyed as correct. This contrasts with multiple response items in which more than one answer may be keyed as correct.
Usually, a correct answer earns a set number of points toward the total mark, and an incorrect answer earns nothing. However, tests may also award partial credit for unanswered questions or penalize students for incorrect answers, to discourage guessing. For example, the SAT Subject tests remove a quarter point from the test taker's score for an incorrect answer.
For advanced items, such as an applied knowledge item, the stem can consist of multiple parts. The stem can include extended or ancillary material such as a vignette, a case study, a graph, a table, or a detailed description which has multiple elements to it. Anything may be included as long as it is necessary to ensure the utmost validity and authenticity to the item. The stem ends with a lead-in question explaining how the respondent must answer. In a medical multiple choice items, a lead-in question may ask 'What is the most likely diagnosis?' or 'What pathogen is the most likely cause?' in reference to a case study that was previously presented.
The items of a multiple choice test are often colloquially referred to as 'questions,' but this is a misnomer because many items are not phrased as questions. For example, they can be presented as incomplete statements, analogies, or mathematical equations. Thus, the more general term 'item' is a more appropriate label. Items are stored in an item bank. Examples
Ideally, the multiple choice question (MCQ) should be asked as a 'stem', with plausible options, for example:
If and Multiples Accumulators Explained Numbers
b =2 , what is ?
12
3
4
10
In the equation
2 x +3=4 , solve for x .
4
10
0.5
1.5
8
The city known as the 'IT capital' of India is
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mexico
Hyderabad
The correct answers are B, C and A respectively.
A well written multiple-choice question avoids obviously wrong or silly distractors (such as Mexico in the example above), so that the question makes sense when read with each of the distractors as well as with the correct answer.
A more difficult and well-written multiple choice question is as follows:
Consider the following:
An eight-by-eight chessboard.
An eight-by-eight chessboard with two opposite corners removed.
An eight-by-eight chessboard with all four corners removed. Which of these can be tiled by two-by-one dominoes (with no overlaps or gaps, and every domino contained within the board)?
I only
II only
I and II only
I and III only
I, II, and III Another example of Multiple choice questions (MCQs):
In MS Word new paragraph can be started by pressing: [4]
A. Ctrl+Enter
B. Backspace Key Can you make money betting on football .
C. Insert Key
D. Enter Key Multiples Accumulators Explained 2
The right option is D. Advantages
There are several advantages to multiple choice tests. If item writers are well trained and items are quality assured, it can be a very effective assessment technique. [5] If students are instructed on the way in which the item format works and myths surrounding the tests are corrected, they will perform better on the test. [6] On many assessments, reliability has been shown to improve with larger numbers of items on a test, and with good sampling and care over case specificity, overall test reliability can be further increased. [7]
Multiple choice tests often require less time to administer for a given amount of material than would tests requiring written responses.
Multiple choice questions lend themselves to the development of objective assessment items, but without author training, questions can be subjective in nature. Because this style of test does not require a teacher to interpret answers, test-takers are graded purely on their selections, creating a lower likelihood of teacher bias in the results. [8] Factors irrelevant to the assessed material (such as handwriting and clarity of presentation) do not come into play in a multiple-choice assessment, and so the candidate is graded purely on their knowledge of the topic. Finally, if test-takers are aware of how to use answer sheets or online examination tick boxes, their responses can be relied upon with clarity. Overall, multiple choice tests are the strongest predictors of overall student performance compared with other forms of evaluations, such as in-class participation, case exams, written assignments, and simulation games. [9] Disadvantages
The most serious disadvantage is the limited types of knowledge that can be assessed by multiple choice tests. Multiple choice tests are best adapted for testing well-defined or lower-order skills. Problem-solving and higher-order reasoning skills are better assessed through short-answer and essay tests. However, multiple choice tests are often chosen, not because of the type of knowledge being assessed, but because they are more affordable for testing a large number of students. This is especially true in the United States and India, where multiple choice tests are the preferred form of high-stakes testing and the sample size of test-takers is large respectively.
Another disadvantage of multiple choice tests is possible ambiguity in the examinee's interpretation of the item. Failing to interpret information as the test maker intended can result in an 'incorrect' response, even if the taker's response is potentially valid. The term 'multiple guess' has been used to describe this scenario because test-takers may attempt to guess rather than determine the correct answer. A free response test allows the test taker to make an argument for their viewpoint and potentially receive credit.
In addition, even if students have some knowledge of a question, they receive no credit for knowing that information if they select the wrong answer and the item is scored dichotomously. However, free response questions may allow an examinee to demonstrate partial understanding of the subject and receive partial credit. Additionally if more questions on a particular subject area or topic are asked to create a larger sample then statistically their level of knowledge for that topic will be reflected more accurately in the number of correct answers and final results.
Another disadvantage of multiple choice examinations is that a student who is incapable of answering a particular question can simply select a random answer and still have a chance of receiving a mark for it. If randomly guessing an answer, there is usually a 25 percent chance of getting it correct on a four-answer choice question. Betus sports. It is common practice for students with no time left to give all remaining questions random answers in the hope that they will get at least some of them right. Many exams, such as the Australian Mathematics Competition and the SAT, have systems in place to negate this, in this case by making it no more beneficial to choose a random answer than to give none.
Another system of negating the effects of random selection is formula scoring, in which a score is proportionally reduced based on the number of incorrect responses and the number of possible choices. In this method, the score is reduced by the number of wrong answers divided by the average number of possible answers for all questions in the test, w /( c 1) where w is the number of wrong responses on the test and c is the average number of possible choices for all questions on the test . [10] All exams scored with the three-parameter model of item response theory also account for guessing. This is usually not a great issue, moreover, since the odds of a student receiving significant marks by guessing are very low when four or more selections are available.
Additionally, it is important to note that questions phrased ambiguously may confuse test-takers. It is generally accepted that multiple choice questions allow for only one answer, where the one answer may encapsulate a collection of previous options. However, some test creators are unaware of this and might expect the student to select multiple answers without being given explicit permission, or providing the trailing encapsulation options.
Critics like philosopher and education proponent Jacques Derrida, said that while the demand for dispensing and checking basic knowledge is valid, there are other means to respond to this need than resorting to crib sheets. [11]
Despite all the shortcomings, the format remains popular because MCQs are easy to create, score and analyse. [12] Changing answers
The theory that students should trust their first instinct and stay with their initial answer on a multiple choice test is a myth worth dispelling. Researchers have found that although some people believe that changing answers is bad, it generally results in a higher test score. The data across twenty separate studies indicate that the percentage of 'right to wrong' changes is 20.2, whereas the percentage of 'wrong to right' changes is 57.8, nearly triple. [13] Changing from 'right to wrong' may be more painful and memorable (Von Restorff effect), but it is probably a good idea to change an answer after additional reflection indicates that a better choice could be made. In fact, a person's initial attraction to a particular answer choice could well derive from the surface plausibility that the test writer has intentionally built into a distractor (or incorrect answer choice). Test item writers are instructed to make their distractors plausible yet clearly incorrect. A test taker's first-instinct attraction to a distractor is thus often a reaction that probably should be revised in light of a careful consideration of each of the answer choices. Some test takers for some examination subjects might have accurate first instincts about a particular test item, but that does not mean that all test takers should trust their first instinct. Automation
Finding the right answer from multiple choices can be automated using multiple choice question answering systems. [14] Notable multiple-choice examinations
AIEEE in India
ARRT registry test for student radiologic technologists
F = ma
IB Diploma Programme science subject exams
IIT-JEE in India, which had, until 2006, a high-stakes phase after the initial MCQ based screening phase
Multistate Bar Examination
PLAB for non-EEA medical graduates to practise in the UK
NTSE
NEET in india
NET CSIR See also Sources
Book: Emmis Communications. harv. The Alcalde. May 1973. Emmis Communications. 1535-993X. Notes and References
Web site: Definition of MULTIPLE-CHOICE. www.merriam-webster.com.
http://ctfd.sfsu.edu/teaching-practices/origins-and-purposes-of-multiple-choice-tests Origins and Purposes of Multiple Choice Tests
Kehoe, Jerard (1995). Writing multiple-choice test items Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation , 4 (9). Retrieved February 12, 2008.
Web site: Top 50 MS Office MCQ Most Repeated Microsoft Office MCQs in Exams. 2019-12-26. testfellow. en-US. 2020-04-09.
http://www.nbme.org/publications/item-writing-manual-download.html Item Writing Manual
Beckert, L., Wilkinson, T. J., Sainsbury, R. (2003). A needs-based study and examination skills course improves students' performance Medical Education 37 (5), 424428.
Steven M Downing (2004) Reliability: on the reproducibility of assessment data Medical Education 38 (9), 10061012.
News: DePalma. Anthony. Revisions Adopted in College Entrance Tests. 22 August 2012. New York Times. 1 November 1990.
Bontis, N., Hardie, T., Serenko, A. (2009). Techniques for assessing skills and knowledge in a business strategy classroom International Journal of Teaching and Case Studies, 2, 2, 162-180.
Web site: Archived copy . 2011-05-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721041317/http://www.ncme.org/pubs/items/ITEMS_Mod_4.pdf . 2011-07-21 .
[Jacques Derrida]
Web site: Multiple-Choice Tests: Revisiting the Pros and Cons. 2018-02-21. Faculty Focus Higher Ed Teaching Learning. en-US. 2019-03-22.
Benjamin, L. T., Cavell, T. A., Shallenberger, W. R. (1984). Staying with the initial answers on objective tests: Is it a myth? Teaching of Psychology , 11 , 133-141.
'Versatile question answering systems: seeing in synthesis', Mittal et al., IJIIDS, 5(2), 119-142, 2011.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article 'Multiple choice'.
Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2020, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy. Do you enjoy betting, but are looking for bigger thrills and greater payouts? You may want to give accumulator bets a try. An accumulator bet allows you to multibet over a wide range of sports, games and contests, and once youve mastered the ropes, youll find it an exciting and rewarding experience. Multiples Accumulators Explained Meaning Weve put together all you need to know about placing accumulator bets below. How to Place an Accumulator: Best Acca Offers In March 2021 Multiples Accumulators Explained Chart Bookmaker Promotion Offered Claim the offer
bet365 Open Account Offer '' Up to 100 in Bet Credits for new customers at bet365.Min deposit 5. Bet Credits available for use upon settlement of bets to value of qualifying deposit. Min odds, bet and payment method exclusions apply. Returns exclude Bet Credits stake. Time limits and TCs apply. The bonus code can be used during registration, but does not change the offer amount in any way. Betfred Bet 10 Get 30 in Free Bets + 60 Free Spins ','operator':'betfred-sportsbetting'' New UK NI customers only. promo code SPORTS60. Deposit place first sports bet of 10+ in one bet transaction, at odds of Evens (2.0) +. settled within 60 days. First bet must be on Sports. 30 in Free Bets credited within 48 hours of bet settlement, 7-day expiry. Payment restrictions apply. SMS validation may be required. Max 60 Free Spins on Justice League Comics. 7-day expiry.Full TCs apply.
Ladbrokes BET 5 GET 20 IN FREE BETS ','operator':'ladbrokes-sports-betting'' 18+ New UK+IRE customers only. Paypal and certain deposit types and bet types excluded. Min 5 bet within 14 days of account reg at min odds1/2=4x5 free bets. Free bets valid for 7 days on sports stake not returned, restrictions apply. TC apply, begambleaware.org.
William Hill Bet 10 Get 30 in free bets, Credited as 2 x 15 bets ','operator':'william-hill-sports-betting'' 8+. Play safe. New customers using Promo code H30 only, Min 10/10 stake, min odds 1/2, free bets paid as 2 x 15/15, free bets credited after settlement of first qualifying bet, free bets will expire 30 days after the qualifying bet is placed, payment method/player/country restrictions apply.
Betfair GET UP TO 100 IN FREE BETS ','operator':'betfair-sports-betting-2'' New customer offer. Place 5 x 10 or more bets to receive 20 in free bets. Repeat up to 5 times to receive maximum 100 bonus. Min odds 1/2 (1.5). Exchange bets excluded. TCs apply Coral GET 20 IN FREE BETS WHEN YOU BET 5 ','operator':'coral-sports-betting'' 18+ Eligible UK+IRE players. Paypal some deposit bet types excl. Min first 5 bet within 14 days of account reg at min odds 1/2 = 4x 5 free bets. Free bets valid for 7 days, stake not returned. No cash-out, restrictions TCs apply Paddy Power 20 RISK FREE BET ','operator':'paddy-power-sports-betting'' New customers only. Place your FIRST bet on any sportsbook market and if it loses we will refund your stake in CASH. Max refund for this offer is 20. Only deposits made using Cards or Apple Pay will qualify for this promotion. TCs apply. Paddy's Rewards Club: Get a 10 free bet when you place 5x bets of 10+. TCs apply. What Are Accumulator Bets? Multiples Accumulators Explained 3 Also known as accas or multiples, accumulator bets combine several betting selections into a single wager. This could be as little as 2 or 3 selections and there is no upper limit; you can bet on 10, 20 or even 30 selections if you wish. However, bear in mind that an accumulator bet only wins when all individual selections win. Because of this, the potential payouts can be considerably higher than with a regular bet. The more selections you add, the higher the odds will be, and as such, small bets of a few pounds can lead to significant sums of money being won! There have even been astonishing examples of people winning six or seven-figure sums from a bet of 1 or less. Thats right; your loose change could make you a millionaire with an accumulator bet! Different Varieties of Accumulator Bets Heres a guide to help you understand the correct betting terminology for different types of accumulator bets, based on the number of selections. Number of selections Bet type 2 Double 3 Treble 4 Four-fold 5 Five-fold 6 Six-fold 7 Seven-fold 8 Eight-fold You get the picture, a 10-selection accumulator is known as a ten-fold, one with 15 selections is a fifteen-fold, and so forth. How to Place an Accumulator Bet Creating an accumulator is simple; you simply need to add selections to your betting slip one by one. Its common to place a football accumulator made up of matches taking place over a weekend or midweek round of games. To do that, locate the football section of your betting site and find the relevant league or competition. If betting in a retail shop, there are usually dedicated coupons available for accumulator betting. Football Match Result Accas Most people fill their football accumulators with selections from the match result betting market, although that is not the only type of bet that can be used. There are three possible outcomes in the football match result market:
Home win
Draw
Away win For each match you wish to include in the accumulator, select your predicted outcome and add it to the betslip by clicking on the displayed odds. Heres an example of what the Premier League betting coupon looked like on the last weekend of the 2016/2017 season, with our six selections in blue. Once youve added all the results you want to, its time to look at the betslip to get your acca on. You see the bets listed as singles at the top of the betslip, but you need to scroll down to find the acca options. This displays the different types of multiple bet available and their odds. As you can see, our selections have combined odds of 17.47/1, meaning a 10.00 stake returns 184.73 if the bet is successful. Once you have filled in the stake, corresponding to the amount you wish to bet, click to place bet and confirm if necessary (some betting sites only require one click). Then its a case of sitting back and following the results as the action takes place on the pitch. Although, if youre waiting on just one final result to come in for your bet to win, you most likely wont be sitting back, rather on the edge of your seat! Other Types of Acca Football match result markets are not the only kind of bet you can make into an acca. You could use other football markets such as Over/under 2.5 goals or Both Teams to Score. Just be aware that some bets cant be combined into accas as the outcomes are dependent to some extent on each other. For example Both Teams to Score and Over 1.5 goals could not be combined into a double as, if both teams score, there will automatically have been over 1.5 goals in the match. If footballs not your favourite sport to bet on, you can alternatively place an acca on just about any sport. The most popular other sports for accas include tennis, rugby and American sports. Here are a couple of betslips with alternative accas. The steps to follow are exactly the same: find your betting coupon, pick your selections, add your stake to the betslip and confirm the bet. Calculating Your Accumulator Bet Winnings The odds for accumulator bets are calculated by converting the fractional odds of each selection into decimals and then multiplying them together. This is not easy to do manually, especially with odds like 1/7 or 4/9 from our example above, which are not round numbers. Selection Match Selection Fractional odds Decimal odds Cumulative decimal odds 1 Chelsea vs Sunderland Chelsea 1/7 1.14 1.14 2 Liverpool vs Middlesbrough Liverpool 1/7 1.14 1.31 3 Leicester vs Bournemouth Leicester 4/5 1.8 2.35 4 Hull vs Tottenham Tottenham 6/10 1.6 3.76 5 Burnley vs West Ham Draw 12/5 3.4 12.79 6 Arsenal vs Everton Arsenal 4/9 1.44 18.47 The total accumulator odds are 17.47/1, or 18.47 in decimals. That means a 10 stake would return roughly 184.70, give or take a few pence. As you can see, having one selection with slightly longer odds, in this case the Burnley vs West Ham draw, makes a big difference to the total odds. A lot of people stick to odds-on selections with their accas, as they see them as a sure bet, but its swings and roundabouts really. The lower the odds of each selection, the more selections you need to have a decent return from your winning acca. The more selections you have, the easier it is for one to slip up and your bet to lose. Such is the dilemma of the accumulator punter! Remember, all selections need to win for an accumulator to be successful. Thats why its such an exciting type of bet and the rewards can be huge. On the other hand, its common for your return to be a big fat zero. Read on to find out about other types of multiple bet which offer a return more often than not. What Are System Bets? A system bet is made up of many different smaller bets, combining all the different kinds of multiple that can be made using the same betting selections. Lets go back to our example above, where we had six betting selections in our accumulator. Those selections can actually be combined into different kinds of multiple, in addition to the acca itself. For example, a double that could be created from our selections is Chelsea + Liverpool, while another double is Chelsea + Leicester. All in all, those 6 selections can be combined into 15 different doubles:
Chelsea/Liverpool
Chelsea/Leicester
Chelsea/Tottenham
Chelsea/Draw (Burnley v West Ham)
Chelsea/Arsenal
Liverpool/Leicester
Liverpool/Tottenham
Liverpool/Draw (Burnley v West Ham)
Liverpool/Arsenal
Leicester/Tottenham
Leicester/Draw (Burnley v West Ham)
Leicester/Arsenal
Tottenham/Draw (Burnley v West Ham)
Tottenham/Arsenal
Draw (Burnley v West Ham)/Arsenal There are also 20 different trebles, 15 different four-folds and 6 different five-folds which can be created from our selections. Why bother with all this?, you may be saying to yourself. Well, lets say you have 4 correct selections out of 6. A regular accumulator would get you a return of zilch, whereas at least with a system bet, you would have some winning doubles and trebles, as well as a winning four-fold. These wont be worth a huge amount on low-odds football selections, but if you have 4 winning horses out of 6, that could still be a very profitable outcome. Due to the popularity of system bets, different names are attributed according to the number of selections. Including singles is an optional extra, as a single is by nature not a multiple bet. N of selections Bet name n of bets Bet name n of bets (including singles) 3 Trixie 4 Patent 7 4 Yankee 11 Lucky 15 15 5 Canadian 26 Lucky 31 31 6 Heinz 57 Lucky 63 63 7 Super Heinz 120 N/A 8 Goliath 247 N/A For each of the system bets shown in the second column, you need a minimum of two winning selections to get a return from your bet. For the third column, a single winning selection will secure you a return, although it wont necessarily be a big return. Acca Promotions A lot of betting sites and shops offer a refund in the form of a free bet if your accumulator misses out by just one selection. Say you had 4 winners out of 5, or 6 winners out of 7; in either of those cases you would qualify. This kind of offer is known as Acca Insurance, as it provides a consolation prize for coming so close to a winning acca. Some sites offer a profit boost when you have a winning acca. This is usually expressed as a percentage, such as 5 for a treble and going up to 100 extra winnings for an acca with 14 or more selections.
